Carbon [C]
CAS-ID: 7440-44-0
An: 6 N: 6
Am: 12.0107 g/mol
Group No: 14
Group Name: Non-metals
Block: p-block Period: 2
State: solid at 298 K
Colour: graphite is black, diamond is colourless Classification: Non-metallic
Boiling Point: 4300K (4027°C)
Melting Point: 3800K (3527°C)
Density: (graphite) 2.267g/cm3
Density: (diamond) 3.513g/cm3
Discovery Information
Who: It was discovered in prehistory and was known to the ancients, who manufactured it by burning organic material in insufficient oxygen (making charcoal).
Name Origin
Latin: carbo (coal)
Sources
Made by burning organic compounds with insufficient oxygen.
Graphite deposits are found in Sri Lanka, Madagascar, Russia, South Korea, Mexico, Czech Republic and Italy. Diamonds are primarily found in South Africa, USA, Russia, Brazil, Zaire, Sierra Leone and Ghana.
Abundance
Universe: 5000 ppm (by weight)
Sun: 3000 ppm (by weight)
Carbonaceous meteorite: 15000 ppm
Atmosphere: 350 ppm
Earth's Crust: 480 ppm
Seawater:
Atlantic surface: 23 ppm
Atlantic deep: 26 ppm
Pacific surface: 23 ppm
Pacific deep: 28 ppm
Human:
2.3 x 108 ppb by weight
1.2 x 108 ppb by atoms
Uses
As carbon's major properties very widely depending upon its form, carbon's uses also vary greatly. Carbon-14 which is radioactive is used in "carbon dating" (telling how old something is by determining the amount of Carbon-14 present in the item being tested as compared to a standard value for a similar object which is new). Other uses include pencils, diamonds, steel, controls nuclear reactions, tire colourant, plastics, paint pigments, lubricants and much more.
History
It was discovered in prehistory and was known to the ancients, who manufactured it by burning organic material in insufficient oxygen (making charcoal). It is also found in abundance in the Sun, stars, comets, and atmospheres of most planets. Carbon in the form of microscopic diamonds is found in some meteorites. Natural diamonds are found in kimberlite of ancient volcanic "pipes," found in South Africa, Arkansas, Northern Canada and elsewhere. Diamonds are now also being recovered from the ocean floor off the Cape of Good Hope. About 30% of all industrial diamonds used in the U.S. are now made synthetically.
Notes
Carbon has many allotropes each having very different physical properties from the other. Graphite (pencil lead) for instance is one of the softest forms of carbon, while diamonds are the hardest.
Carbon compounds are named according to the number of carbons present in the basic chain, the presence of single, double or triple bonds, whether or not the carbon chain forms a cyclic structure and the element or ions that substitute for hydrogens in the chain. A carbon compound with one carbon atom is a methyl-, two is an ethyl- , three is a propyl-, four butyl-, five penta, six hexa-, etc. Single a bonded hydrocarbon (hydrogen-carbon structure) is an alkane, double bond is an alkene and a triple bond is an alkyne.
With more than eighteen million compounds of carbon registered with the Chemical Abstract Registry (CAS), there is much to say about carbon. So much in fact that there is an entire field of chemistry called organic chemistry that is devoted to these compounds. One could get a Ph.D. in organic chemistry and still feel that one had barely gotten their feet wet.
Approximately 130 million carats (26,000 kg) are mined annually, with a total value of nearly USD $9 billion, and about 100,000 kg are synthesized annually.
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